US Adds Muscle To Push for Mosul

                                       by David Parmer

The noose is slowly tightening around the city of Mosul as Iraqi security forces, Peshmerga and Shia militias move closer to the heart of the city. The offensive is meeting stiff resistance, yet 20 villages have been liberated and civilians freed from the clutches of Daesh. Fighting will probably intensify as the battle moves into the city.

A re-constituted Iraqi military is in the attack. Prior to the offensive some 35,000 troops received training from US forces. The US has also supplied M1 Abrams tanks, M4 rifles and ample ammunition.

And while US troops are not at the front of the assault, US support for this operation is massive. According to a report on the Military.com website on October 19, US support includes:

  • US A64 Apache armed helicopters flying night missions in support of Iraqi forces
  • Continuing US and coalition airstrikes on Daesh targets
  • HIMARS mobile rocket artillery providing fire support
  • 155mm Paladin self-propelled artillery providing fire support
  • More than 100 US advisors and Terminal Attack Controllers

Iraq’s prime minister, Haider al-Abadi has said he expects Mosul to fall by the end of the year. US leaders are being a bit more cautious in their prediction. “Several months” at least seems to be the time frame that they are looking at. However long it takes, the US will be working to support Iraqi forces and to hasten the end of the so-called “Islamic State.”

Photo: US CENTCOM, Christopher Brecht

Asian Waters–The Red River, Giver of Life

                                   by David Parmer

The story of the Red River (Honghe in Chinese, Hong Ha in Vietnamese) starts and ends with rice. The river flows for 1149 km (714 miles) from China’s Yunnan Province into and through Vietnam, past Hanoi and to Haiphong where it empties into the Gulf of Tonkin.

583px-Redriverasiamap

                     Red River Map (Wikipedia)

As the river begins its journey, it passes the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces a complex ecosystem that has evolved over 1300 years, and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The river leaves the Honghe region and flows into Vietnam’s Lao Cai Province. As it moves south and east, it forms Vietnam’s second most important rice producing area, the Red River Delta, producing about 18% of the country’s export crop. The Delta, made up of eight provinces, covers 15,000 square KM and is formed by the Red River and the Thai Binh River. Eventually the river flows to Haiphong and then into the Gulf of Tonkin.

The Red River in Vietnam faces several challenges. Polluted water from China is reported to be on the increase, water levels are down making pumping stations useless for irrigation, sand exploitation alters river geography and there is the push and pull of agriculture vs. hydro-electric power generation. The biggest issue now facing residents is the proposed Red River Mega Project, a scheme that proposes 5-7 power plants and a canal in a Buy Own Operate (BOO) format that would both alter the river and raise the cost of navigation.

Like the great Mekong River itself, the Red River must be managed in such a way as to address the needs of competing interests and contribute to the long term well being of those dependent on the river for their lives and livelihood.

UNESCO: Honghe Hani Rice Terraces

Viet Nam News: Changing Red River Flow Brings Region Challenges

Photo: Steffan Scherz via flickr

8th BRICS Meeting 2016 – Looking Ahead To A Changing World Order

Leaders from the five BRICS countries met in Goa, India on October 15-16 for their 8th BRICS Summit. While some member economies are seen to be struggling, overall, the leaders expressed a positive vision and plan for the future. 

The BRICS, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa contain 43% of the world population, 30% of the world’s GDP and 17% or world trade.

At the end of the 8th BRICS summit the organization issued the Goa Declaration that affirmed the organization’s strong support for ongoing activities focused on international cooperation, particularly those sponsored by the United Nations.

The Declaration touched on a number of key points including:

  • Committing to strengthen and maintain BRICS solidarity
  • Supporting the development of a multi-polar world based on the role of the UN and international law
  • Stressing that international problems require joint efforts to solve
  • Condemning unilateral military interventions and sanctions not based on international law
  • Expressing concern about the Middle East and North Africa
  • Emphasizing its support for a two-state solution to the Palestinian question
  • Committing itself to the implementation of the 2030 Accord for Sustainable Development
  • Welcoming India’s decision to hold the first BRICS Trade Fair in New Delhi
  • Stressing the importance of an invigorated and inclusive world economy
  • Supporting the continuing use of nuclear energy
  • Calling for the peaceful, non-military use of outer space
  • Strongly condemning terrorism and called ISIL a threat to world peace
  • Expressing their commitment to gender equality as put forth in the 2030 Agenda

Government of India BRICS web page

Goa Declaration full text

Photo: Government ZA via flickr

U.S. & Philippines – Breaking Up Is Hard to Do

             by David Parmer/Tokyo

In the US, when a couple in high school or college is about to break up, one partner often says, “I think we need to start seeing other people.” And this is what Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte is metaphorically saying to America. Duterte says no more steady dating; he is going to play the field with China and Russia. In China he told his hosts, “America has lost.” And he then announced his separation from the US.

Well, both countries have been together for a long time, and in any relationship there are long-standing grievances on both sides. The US was pretty much in the driver’s seat from 1899 to 1942, and the Philippines was a virtual colony of Uncle Sam. The way that the US got there was to kick out another colonial power, Spain.

While many Filipinos have a warm regard for the US, favor English as their second language and have family or relatives in the States, Mr. Duterte is not one of them. The memory of US involvement in the Philippines past and present rankles with him, making him sensitive to any criticism of his policies. This became apparent in his very strong emotional reaction to recent US and EU criticism of his of War on Drugs.

The US and the Philippines are intertwined in matters of defense with the Philippines getting logistic support, training, weapons and intelligence from the US. Realistically, it would be extremely difficult (but not impossible) to change to all Chinese or Russian systems and doctrine. Moreover, the president has said that a recent joint military exercise will be the last, and that in maybe two years the US will be asked to leave.

And about the breakup: Duterte said that he only meant that this applies in areas of foreign policy. The US continues to stress that relations with the Philippines are good and the countries have a long and warm relationship and that the US has not received any official notice of a change in relations. So what will happen remains to be seen. The real question is whether Mr. Duterte’s policy is in the Philippines long-term interest and whether his actions will add more tensions and uncertainty to the situation around the choppy waters of the South China Sea.

What do you think about this question? Please log in and let us know.

 

 

 

Photo: U.S. Dept. of State via flickr

There Will Be No Foreign Bases in Viet Nam – Period.

In response to a comment by Russia’s Deputy Defense Minister Nikolay Pankov that Russia is considering re-opening closed Cold War bases in Viet Nam and Cuba, Viet Nam issued a strong statement on October 13 that its policy continues to be no foreign bases on its soil. Perhaps the Russian minister’s words were a trial balloon; asking in such a way as to not ask. Russia did get an answer without a rejection, but the answer was no. Viet Nam’s air and naval base at Cam Ranh Bay was used by both Russia and the U.S. in the past, and is sometimes visited by foreign naval forces from countries like the U.S., Japan and France. Visits seem fine, but no one is invited to stay.

It may be that Russia sees itself surrounded by NATO and other countries and thinks it is time to dust-off some Cold War thinking, or at least update it. Things have been in constant flux since the end of WWII, but many of the countries subject to Imperialism and invasion by foreign powers are now determined to fiercely defend their sovereignty and independence. Foreign bases are a memory of the “bad old days” are don’t get much favor in countries such as Viet Nam.

Reuters: Vietnam Says No to Bases

Russia Sputnik News: Nothing New in VN Rejection

Photo: U.S. Pacific Fleet via flickr 

Columbia’s President and the Search for Peace

On October 7, 2016 the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Columbia’s president, Juan Manual Santos had been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to bring an end to his country’s bloody civil war that had claimed 220,000 lives.

However, just five days before, on October 2, the country voted in a referendum to reject the peace accord with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia, FARC. In awarding the prize, the Norwegians noted the decision of the referendum, but stated that it felt that the people were rejecting a particular deal, and not the peace process itself.

President Santos, representing his government is involved in a three-way negotiation. He is dealing not only with the FARC, but also with the opposition. The opposition is lead by the former president Alvaro Uribe, while the FARC is represented by Rodrigo Londono, AKA Timochenko.

The ceasefire was set to expire on October 31, but on October 13 President Santos extended the period until December 31.

The question now is what will happen in 2017? Will there be a new accord that may not be perfect, but that is agreeable to all parties, or will the war which nobody wants start again? Please log in and give us your thoughts on this matter.

Press Release: Nobel Peace Prize

Photo: World Economic Forum via flickr

Dire Straits – Two Very Different Perceptions of Reality on the Future of Taiwan

            David Parmer

The People’s Republic of China and Taiwan are separated by the Taiwan Strait, a body of water 180 km wide that connects the East China Sea with the South China Sea. But the gulf that sets them apart politically is immeasurable, and is widening every day. On the mainland, the PRC has taken a firm position on “One China” policy that seems to be hardening by the month, while Taiwan, thanks to the emergence of constantly and ever-deepening sense of Taiwanese identity, particularly among the younger generation, seems to be simply drifting away. In this article we will take a look at these two positions, and try to imagine where they could lead, and what possible positive outcomes, if any, may be possible.

 

  1. The Fixed and Unchanging Position of the PRC

What is China’s position on Taiwan? Is there an authoritative and definitive short answer to that question? Yes, there is, and it is supplied by none other than the President of the People’s Republic of China, Mr. Xi Jinping. In his 2014 book, The Governance of China, Mr. Xi states explicitly, emphatically and unequivocally China’s position on the status of Taiwan:

“For more than six decades now, although the two sides have yet to be reunited, we belong to one country and the same nation – a fact that has never changed, nor will ever change in the future. The blood of the Chinese nation flows in every one of us, and ours is forever the soul of the Chinese nation.”

“…the two sides must consolidate and hold fast to our common foundation of the ‘1992 Consensus’ and our opposition to ‘Taiwan independence,’ and be fully aware of the importance of maintaining the one-China framework. Such a foundation is the anchor for cross-Straits relations.”

“As far as any significant political differences between the mainland and Taiwan re concerned, we are willing to conduct consultations with the people of Taiwan based on equality within the one-China framework, and come to reasonable arrangements.”

(Speech delivered on February 18, 2014 when receiving Lien Chan, Honorary Chairman of the Kuomintang of China and his delegation.)

Another unequivocal presentation of the position of the PRC can be found on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Under the heading “A policy of ‘one country, two systems’ on Taiwan.” the ministry states:

“Taiwan is a sacred and inseparable part of China’s territory…

In January 1979, Deng Xiaoping advanced the concept of “one country, two systems” and stated that “so long as Taiwan returns to the embrace of the motherland, we will respect the realities and the existing system there.” On September 30, 1981, Ye Jianying, Chairman of the Standing Committee of China’s National People’s Congress, officially put forward a nine-point proposal for bringing about the peaceful reunification of the mainland and Taiwan. He said that “after China is reunified, Taiwan may become a special administrative region. It may enjoy a high degree of autonomy and may keep its military forces. The national government will not intervene in the local affairs of Taiwan.” “Taiwan’s current social and economic systems will remain unchanged, its way of life will not change, and its economic and cultural ties with foreign countries will not change.’ “

Taiwan’s future lies in its reunification with the motherland, and attempt to split China will never be accepted as an alternative. Li Denghui and a small number of people in Taiwan who betray the principle of one China and advocate the creation of “two Chinas” or “one China, one Taiwan” in an attempt to split China are doomed to failure as they will surely run into the firm opposition of the entire Chinese people including the people of Taiwan. To accomplish China’s reunification is the trend of the time and common aspiration of the entire Chinese people across the Taiwan Strait. With the joint efforts of the entire Chinese people including the compatriots in Taiwan, the day will certainly come when China is reunified.”

Here is a third, recent statement of resolve on the part of the PRC. The following exchange is taken from a PRC Ministry of National Defense (MND) press briefing on May 26, 2016 by Senior Colonel Yang Yujun:

Question: Recently, Tsai Ing-wen assumed office as the leader of Taiwan region. In her inaugural speech, she didn’t clearly recognize the 1992 Consensus and acknowledge its core essence. Rumor has it that the PLA is going to hold large-scale military exercises aiming at deterring “Taiwan independence” forces. What is your comment?

Answer: On the question you have raised, like what was said by the head of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on May 20, we are today as determined as ever and more capable to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity. We will resolutely contain any action and attempt by the secessionists for “Taiwan independence“. (Emphasis added)

From the above material we can get a clear and unambiguous understanding of the position of the PRC, the key points being:

  • Taiwan is an inseparable part of Chinese territory
  • The one-China 1992 consensus must be adhered to
  • The PRC will accept no other course of action than re-unification
  • A “one country, two systems” arrangement is possible for Taiwan
  • Any unilateral declaration of Independence will be met with force

Viewed from the standpoint of best practices in negotiations, parties to a negotiation make the best results when they focus on shared interests rather than on strong positional negotiating.

In President Xi’s book, The Governance of China, we can see him hinting at shared interests when he suggests that both the PRC and Taiwan will benefit from better cross-Strait relations and both will share in the prosperity of a resurgent China. However, from the above bullet points we see that the PRC has taken several strong positions that it sees as non-negotiable.

China’s inducements to Taiwan for unification, then, include a share in the prosperity of China, a Hong Kong-style “one country two systems” arrangement, and the satisfaction of final unification with the motherland.

China’s negative inducements include isolation on the international stage by co-opting Taiwan’s few international allies, restrictions on travel and business, and the threat of the use of military force.

  1. The Changed Reality on the Other Taiwan Side of the Strait

                   The Emergence of the Taiwan Identity

On the other side of the Taiwan Strait, in Taipei and throughout the country, perceptions of Taiwan-PRC relations are somewhat different. While the PRC assumes it is dealing with a static entity, i.e. the Republic of China, the situation is changing almost daily. The biggest element is the constant and ever-evolving sense of a Taiwan identity. The existence of the Taiwan identity is not new, and even President Xi Jinping acknowledges it.

In The Governance of China, President. Xi writes:  

“Due to their historical suffering and the distinct social environment in which they have lived, the people of Taiwan have their own mindset. They bear particular historical scars, they are eager to be masters of their own destiny, they cherish their established social systems and way of life, and they wish to live a stable and happy life. Putting ourselves in their place we can full understand their feelings.” (Together Fulfill the Chinese Dream of National Rejuvenation, Feb. 18, 2014).

The PRC, however, does not seem to be aware of the current meaning, extent and implications of the Taiwan identity and how it is changing the equation.

On the mainland, Taiwanese are seen as Chinese, but on the island, the perception is not only more nuanced, but is in constant flux. And this changed perception has profound implications for any discussion of reunification with the mainland.

On May 28, 2016, the Taipei Times reported a poll in which:

More than 80 percent of respondents self-identified as Taiwanese, compared with 8.1 percent who identified themselves as Chinese and 7.6 percent who identified as both in the poll, whose wording asked respondents if they viewed themselves as “Taiwanese,” “Chinese” or had “other thoughts.”

This 80% identification with being Taiwanese can be seen as a major factor in the sweeping victory enjoyed by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) of Tsai Ing-wen that swept into power both in the presidency and in the legislature in the January 2016 elections. Consistent with this is the assertion made by many observers that voters felt the pan-blue KMT was becoming too close to the PRC, and that the traditionally independence-minded DPP would better represent them.

The article went on to state:

When asked to choose between eventual independence and unification with China, more than 51 percent said they favored independence, while 15 percent favored unification and 25 percent favored maintaining the “status quo.”

(Taiwan Times, May 28, 2016)

                 The Fading of the Kuomintang, KMT

What the election also showed is that the Kuomintang, KMT is morphing into simply another (albeit robust) Taiwan political party, and is no longer a viable government-in-exile. Twenty-first century realpolitik and the voters of Taiwan seemed to have relegated the Republic of China to the history books.

These days, the fiction of the Republic of China, as either the legitimate government of all China, or there being any chance that all China, from Harbin to Hainan, will fall under its dominance, is wearing extremely thin.

During the early stages of the Cold War, American conservatives urged their government to “unleash Chaing Kai-shek” for re-conquest of the mainland. Those days are long gone.

                             The “1992 Consensus”

This being said, how can there be any substance to the “1992 consensus”?

From a certain point of view the “1992 consensus” is an agreement made between the PRC and an entity that is now simply another Taiwan political party. Although not stated explicitly, it may be that the DPP-led Tsai Ing-wen government sees itself as what the Japanese call “dai-san-sha” i.e., a third party, to the “1992 consensus.”

So what purpose does the “1992 consensus” have today? It is a working agreement that gives all parties “breathing room.” It is a face-saving fiction that permits all parties to pursue their interests without forcing a confrontation.

             No Outright Endorsement by Tsai of 1992

Considering the above, is it any wonder that Tsai Ing-wen, in her inaugural speech did not endorse the “1992 consensus outright?

What Tsai did say was informative:

Since 1992, over twenty years of interactions and negotiations across the Strait have enabled and accumulated outcomes which both sides must collectively cherish and sustain; and it is based on such existing realities and political foundations that the stable and peaceful development of the cross-Strait relationship must be continuously promoted.

The new government will conduct cross-Strait affairs in accordance with the Republic of China Constitution, the Act Governing Relations Between the People of Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area, and other relevant legislation. The two governing parties across the Strait must set aside the baggage of history, and engage in positive dialogue, for the benefit of the people on both sides.

By existing political foundations, I refer to a number of key elements. The first element is the fact of the 1992 talks between the two institutions representing each side across the Strait (SEF & ARATS), when there was joint acknowledgement of setting aside differences to seek common ground. This is a historical fact. The second element is the existing Republic of China constitutional order. The third element pertains to the outcomes of over twenty years of negotiations and interactions across the Strait. And the fourth relates to the democratic principle and prevalent will of the people of Taiwan.

The question here is while Tsai references the Republic of China, does she believe in it, or is it simply an outmoded framework, an old vehicle that the owner must drive until she can afford to go to the car dealership and purchase a newer model?

                     Maginot-Line Thinking About Taiwan

And here is the point: pundits, journalists and scholars (and it seems even certain sections of the PRC government itself) have focused, with tunnel vision, on the question of Taiwan independence. This is reminiscent of France’s defense against Germany in the early 1940s–the Maginot Line. The Maginot line was a series of fixed defenses facing Germany whose guns could only be operated in one direction. As we know from history, that during the invasion of France, the German Wehrmacht simply went around the Maginot Line.

Likewise, “the experts” are focusing on formal Taiwan Independence, and like the French Republic in the 1940s they are looking the wrong way in a fixed and inflexible manner

Put another way, they are looking for a mechanical event, i.e. the outright declaration of Taiwan independence. What is actually happening is an organic and evolutionary event, the deterioration of the Republic of China (ROC) and the emergence of a country called Taiwan.

 

                            Taiwan’s Organic Evolution

 

“History will remember our courage. It will remember that in the year 2016 we took this country in a new direction.” (Tsai Ing-wen, Inaugural Speech)

It is incredible that so many people have read and commented on Tsai Ing-wen’s inaugural speech and simply missed the content by focusing on cross-Strait relations with a magnifying glass. It is as if they willfully refused to hear or understand the contents of her speech.

 

In that speech, President Tsai called for a new Taiwan society, a 21st century society that addresses current problems and looks to the future. In the speech Tsai listed a number of areas that need attention to move Taiwanese society forward and the solutions that her administration would put in place. What she laid out were a series of measures to make Taiwan more prosperous, more just and more livable for its citizens.

She began by defining the problems faced by Taiwan:

  • Low birthrate
  • Environmental pollution
  • Poor fiscal situation
  • Lack of confidence in the judicial system
  • Inadequate food safety standards
  • Wealth disparity
  • Less than optimal social welfare system
  • Low wages for young people

She then offered a menu of solutions for a 21st century Taiwan:

  • A new model for sustainable development
  • A new “Southbound Policy”
  • Promotion of 5 industries to improve global competitiveness
  • Care for resources and curb pollution
  • Strengthen social security net including pension reform
  • Establish a Truth and Reconciliation commission
  • Promote judicial reform
  • Address regional peace stability and development
  • Manage cross-Strait relations
  • Maintain existing dialogue under the 1992 agreement
  • Proactively participate on the world stage
  • Be a partner for the international community

 

What the speech outlines is Tsai’s bold plan for a new Taiwan society and a government that is organized to serve its citizens. Will the DPP’s plan be perfectly implemented? Time will tell. What we can grasp from the speech is the direction that Taiwan is heading and its priorities. From the speech it seems that Taiwan’s priorities are:

  • Domestic issues relating to a prosperous and sustainable society
  • Cross-Strait relations with the PRC and the 1992 Consensus
  • Taiwan’s role on the international stage

What is not contained in the speech is any mention at all of Taiwan independence or any “return to the motherland.”

Her speech tells us that Taiwan is looking in many directions, and the view across the Strait is just one of them.

                     Adjusting to the New Reality

 So, quite the opposite of opposing the status quo, the DPP seems quite content to have it continue. As the status quo continues, so does the evolution of Taiwan from being the Republic of China, to simply being a nation called Taiwan. This evolution can neither be slowed down nor stopped under existing conditions. As long as Taiwan and the DPP do not declare formal independence, it looks like China, in the short term, will take no forceful action, such as an invasion of Taiwan.

Let us return to our opening pages where China’s position was spelled out.

  • Taiwan is an inseparable part of Chinese territory
  • The one-China 1992 consensus must be adhered to
  • The PRC will accept no other course of action than re-unification
  • A “one country, two systems” arrangement is possible for Taiwan
  • Any unilateral declaration of Independence will be met with force

If China holds these positions in an inflexible manner, then the question becomes: What can China do, and what will China do?

Supposing that Taiwan does not take any precipitous action, e.g. declaring independence or even promoting independence outright­–which would result in military action on the part of the PRC– what courses of action are open to the PRC?

           When Push Comes to Shove–A Timetable for Return

From the PRC point of view, this situation has dragged on, unresolved, for more than 70 years. The 1992 Consensus and the status quo are just stopgap measures, but they cannot continue forever.

For the PRC, then, the only answer would be a timetable for return. And this timetable could take two forms:

  1. A) A timetable agreed upon by the PRC and ROC which would probably be under the “one country, two systems” arrangement.

(This scenario would be much more likely should the KMT return to power in Taiwan, and there were warming cross Strait relations such as those promoted by the KMT’s President Ma during his term in office.)

  1. B) An unilateral timetable put forward by the People’s Republic with a deadline.

In this scenario, the PRC would claim that a failure to come to the negotiating table on the issue of a timetable for return would be seen as a de-facto declaration of independence by Taiwan. (And actions to curb “Taiwan secession” would be put in motion.)

In the coming years, the DPP might disappoint the voters, be involved in all sorts of scandals, and not deliver on Tsai’s magnificent promises, and consequently be voted out at the next election. This would make Plan A, above possible.

On the other hand, Tsai and the DPP might remain popular, or become even more popular, and be voted in for a second term. In which case, the current stalemate will continue, but as just mentioned, from Beijing’s standpoint, the situation cannot continue forever.

What will it take for China to implement Plan B? Right now China has a lot on her plate including the South China Sea issue, Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Add to this North Korea and China’s slowing and evolving economy. What’s more, the intermittently-friendly Russian bear is always sniffing about on her northern border.

So what would trigger Plan B? The most likely would be a set of circumstances where China’s perceived national interest would call for the immediate return of Taiwan and for which the PRC would be willing to pay the highest price in terms loss of life, national treasure, and negative international reaction.

                               A Better Solution? Plan C

One solution that has been already rejected by the PRC in the case of Tibet, would be an extension of the “one country, two systems” model. If the PRC were to form a Commonwealth of China, or a Chinese EU, and grant economic flexibility and autonomy to Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Taiwan in a kind of European Union, it would eliminate the problems it has with those four regions–immediately. It would have four strong allies on its flanks instead of having each of them like a stone in its shoe. Since “return to the motherland” has not been defined in minute detail, it may be the one point where the PRC has a chance to act in its own self-interest in a flexible manner.

 

This federated-China solution might be the one attractive option that would bring a DPP/ pan Green Taiwan to the table. The PRC can hope for a Plan A (above) and force a Plan B (above) or think outside the box and implement some form of Plan C.

Whatever the choice, it is time that all parties start to look at cross Strait relations in terms of reality and not ideology, sentiment or emotion.

 

Photo:威翰 陳 via flickr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

中国に圧力をかける日米連携

                                   Bill Lee

1.なぜ米国と日本は中国に圧力をかけるのか

言うまでもなく東シナ海(以下ECS)と南シナ海(SCS)で、中国の優勢を妨げるのは日米に重要な目的に違いない。経済の面でECSの豊かな魚や石油の資源が日本には重要であり、SCSの航路が米国にも不可欠である。(5.3兆ドルのSCSにより貨物の中で米国のシェアは1.2兆ドル)。安全保障の面では、ECSに於いて日米は中国の琉球諸島により、太平洋へのアクセスを妨害できる。SCSに於いてフィリピンやインドネシアにより太平洋とインド洋への中国のアクセスをブロックできるし、どうしても米国はSCSの深海の中の中国の潜水艦の往来を阻止したいのである。

2.米国にて政治的な展望

これから米国と日本にて政治的な展開は中国に関しての対応が大分に変わってくる見込みである。次のアメリカの大統領次第に米国の外交、経済、安全保障の政策は違った道に進む可能性が大である。クリントン候補者は当選すればどれぐらいアジアへの中心軸の位置が(pivot)Obama政権の政策を継続するか不明であるがほぼクリントン夫人は、大きく外れることはないと考えられる。日米同盟を強化するはずのクリントン夫人は、尖閣諸島が攻撃されれば日米安全保障条約の適用対象になるとはっきり声明したことがある。

それに反してトランプ候補者は、矛盾や非論理的な発言だらけで彼の政策の立場が分かりづらく、これだ!というトランプ氏の立場は不明である。経済の面でトランプ氏は中国のいわゆる「為替操作」について批判しているがそうした発言は選挙のポーズだと受け止められる。トランプ氏の知識不足が明らかになるのは、「中国が入っていないTPPは、中国への賄賂だ」という最近の発言である。中国人が自分の住宅用不動産を購入していると自慢しているし、もしかしたら経済の面でトランプ氏は中国と利益のある関係を継続したいではないか。安全保障の面でトランプ候補者の当選は中国には有利な結果だと言っていいであろう。トランプ氏は、世界での米国の軍事的な存在を低下したいと主張し、日本や韓国にさらなる安全保障面での負担を増やして欲しいと発言。「つい最近私の側近が、日本は基地の費用を50%で負担していると教えてくれたけどなぜ100%を負担していないのか?」とトランプ氏は言った。

安全保障条約についてトランプ氏は:「日本が攻撃されればアメリカは、日本を全面的に守らなくてはいけない。しかしアメリカが攻撃されたら、日本人は何もせずに、家でソニー製のテレビを見るだけだろう。」と話した。トランプ氏は大統領になったら米国は自国防衛のために負担を増やすよう、日本に圧力をかけるに違いない。長い実業家としての経験にもとづいて自分の交渉の能力を自慢しているトランプ氏は、ビズネス交渉を国際政治や安全保障に、そのトリックを適用しようとするはずである。しかし、誰にでも分かる戦術の一つは、交渉の初期段階で、自分側の1番極端の立場を見せるのである。日本との交渉で、アメリカは退場する(「walk」)構えではないとダメだ、とトランプ氏は八月五日に言った。その「walk」という言葉は、米軍基地が日本から全部を撤退するという意味である。おそらくトランプ氏も含めて誰も彼の頭の中の考えが分からない。彼の矛盾発言の一例は、核不拡散についての質問に対して、トランプ氏は一文の中で「核不拡散にすればいいが、日本と韓国は核兵器を持つべきかもしれない。」トランプ氏は、日米間に亀裂が生じれば、中国は典型的な分割統治の機会を与えられると考えている。ロシアに関してトランプ氏はロシアによりのクリミア半島の併合を認めると言ったことがあり、NATOもいらないと言ったからおそらくロシアによるバルトの国々への侵入も認める可能性が否定できない。同様に中国のSCSの軍事的拡張も認める可能性がある。中国はトランプ氏の当選を応援するのは当然であろう。

 3.日本にて政治的な展望

 最近の与党圏の参議院選挙の圧倒的な勝利により、安倍政権の権力は強化される。内閣改造はそれほど大きいな変化はなかったが、改造と自民党の役員人事は安倍総理のこれからの意思を示す。1番注目を集めるのは稲田朋美の防衛相の起用である。稲田議員の靖国神社の頻繁の参拝や領土問題についての発言(彼女は竹島の視察を目的に韓国に訪れるつもりだが、韓国政府は入国を拒んだ事件があった)や歴史修正主義(南京大虐殺を否定する発言)により悔い改めないと、右翼の政治家として知られているからである。稲田夫人はポスト安倍の後継者になると永田町中で声が上がっているが彼女の防衛大臣としての、安全保障や中国に関する日本政府の立場に影響が強くなるはずである。また、重要な自民党の幹事長に、二階俊博の起用も意義のある決定と言える。稲田議員と対照的に二階氏は親中派だとしられて安倍総理は自分の政権におけるバランスを取ろうとしているかもしれないが、二階と稲田は共通点がある。それは安倍首相の党総裁任期の延長の可能性を認めるという発言をしたことがあるのだ。いうまでもなく安倍首相の任期が長ければ長いほど彼の長年の夢の憲法改正が実現できる日が近づく。参議院の選挙の結果で与党側や改憲勢力の3分の2を超えているから衆参で憲法改正案の発議が可能になる。もちろん国民投票が必要であるが、日本中に勢いが高めれば、日本の平和主義の憲法がなくなり、安全保障のパンドラの箱が開くのである。

4.中国に圧力をかける

さてどうやって中国に日米両国は、具体的な圧力をかけるか?両国は同盟的な二国間で、一方的な圧力をかけるはずである。しかし、どちらにもかからず共通の意図がある。それは中国を拘束という狙い。以下、両国の圧力を外交的・政治的と軍事的という二つのカテゴリに分離するのである。

  • 外交的・政治的な圧力

—法的要求

アメリカは、中立立場を守ると言いながら米国は、フィリピンの国連海洋法条約(UNCLOS)の要求のような中国への法的要求を支えている。中国の不参加と国際海洋法裁判所の判決への敏感な反抗は、どれぐらいそういう要求に対して中国の立場の脆弱さを示す。国際世論の空想上の裁判所において 中国のフィリピンのUNCLOSの要求への反応は納得性がないと言っていいでしょう。なぜならまず中国はUNCLOSを批准したので国際海洋法裁判所の判決を受け入れるはずです。以下中国のその判決に対しての反抗についてもっと意見を出すけれどもとにかく元駐米大使柳井俊二のITLOSの裁判官の選択は依怙だしフィリピンがITLOSの裁判官へ賄賂を贈るというような申し立ては不似合いではないかなと思う。今後の中国への法的要求に日米両国は絶対支持する。

—東南アジアへの日米の支援

中国の海洋領土権の主張に反抗している東南アジアの国々への日米からの支援は当然なことである。米国政府からの金銭的な支援は少ない(「予算のほこり」)が、いうまでもなくアメリカの軍事の存在感はそれを十分埋め合せている。であるにもかかわらず、2015年に米国政府はASEANとの関係は「戦略的パートナーシップ」にアップグレードしてASEAN地域フォーラム(ARF)に強い支持を示している。ARF の優先課題はなんと「信頼醸成」から「積極的な外交」へ移りつつあって中国の海上拡張を念頭に置いてSCSにて「ルールに基づく秩序」の擁護を強調するようになっている。穏やかな態度をとりながら今年の七月のASEAN声明ではITLOSの裁判に全然触れていないが、ちょうど一周間後、米訪中のシンガポールのリー・シェンロン首相が、初めて東南アジアの首脳として、ホワイトハウスで開かれた公式晩餐会を受けた。ASEANの中でシンガポールは中国に対しての態度は軍事的な面で、かなり親米よりな為、その待遇は非常に象徴的だと言える。

—日本からのASEANへのインフラと能力構築の支援

今まで歴代の政権は政府開発援助(ODA)を絶対平和的な利用することにしていたが、平成25年12月における安倍政権の日本の初めての「国家安全保障戦略」においてODA の「戦略的利用」が要求されている。意義ある変化として「戦略」という言葉の出現で従来のODAは、日本の政府の狙いは関係せずに、ただ被援助国の発展のためだけであり、これからのODAは政府の外交的や安全保障的な政策に沿って行われる。さらに平成27年2月における安倍内閣は、改定された政府開発援助大綱を決定した。その新しいガイドラインは、外国の軍事へのODAを許可し、その軍事へのODAは、災害救援などという非軍事利用という条件を付けるが、実際には、援助された装置や訓練が、何の目的に使われるか分かるはずもない。(ODA 大綱の名称も変更で「政府開発援助大綱]から「開発協力大綱」にした。重要なのは「援助」から「協力」という変更で付帯条件なしという感じから見返りという意味合いになってしまうのである。)例えば医療トレーニングコースの得た知識や能力は戦場で使える。その新しいODA大綱の発表のための記者会見において安倍首相は日本の援助は「法の支配」を守るためだと強調して、明らかに中国のECS/SCSの「不法的」活動に暗示していた。実際に2013年台風30号ハイエン発生後1,180自衛隊の部隊は、災害救援のためフィリピンへ派遣されたが、そのレスポンスは「中国を抑えるため」 (日本政府の関係者)という下心があったようである。

 アジアの中で一番大きな日本からの援助の被援助国は中国と熱々と論争しているヴィエトナムとフィリピンである。従来の援助は能力構築とインフラ整備に中心して、それは中国に何らかの圧力をかけるのだろうか?直接なプレッシャーはないが、言うまでもなくその大勢のODAの金銭で、日本や現地において訓練を受けた技術者や科学者は、自国の軍事の発展は重要な人材であり、インフラの面では日本援助により賄った事業だから自国の資金を使わずに、軍事の発展に注ぎ込むことができる。つい最近、日本はマニラの鉄道の建設のために24億ドルの融資をフィリピンと約束した。その上、送電網,空港や港の建設など日本のODAにより造られたインフラは直ぐ軍事的な利用へ変換できるのである。

  • 日本の軍事的な圧力

安倍政権は日本の軍事関係の政策に三つの変更を実現しました。第一は閣議決定により集団的自衛権の行使が容認。第二武器輸出規制の緩和だ。第三外国軍をODA支援対象になるようになった。

—集団的自衛権の行使容認

平成26年七月における安倍政権は集団的自衛権の行使をできるようになる憲法の解釈を変え、自衛隊部隊を地理的な制限なく派遣できるようにした。集団的自衛権の行使に基づいて海上自衛隊の艇艦はSCSにて攻撃された米海軍の艇艦を守ることができる。この集団的自衛権の行使容認は、日本の憲法改正への第一歩としての意味を持つ

­—武器輸出規制緩和

平成26年 四月に安倍内閣が閣議決定で、武器は条件を満たせば認められるようになった。それを受け、すでに三菱重工業は潜水艦や島を奪還のための水陸両用強襲車を外国に売ろうとしている。しかしそういう大規模な軍事機器より画像センサのような、小さいハイテクの部品を売るかもしれない。

—外国軍にODA

上記のように日本のODAの中で、べエトナムやフィリピンにその国の情報・監視察(ISR)能力を強化するために沿岸警備隊用の巡視船(ヴィエトナムに6隻, フィリピンに10隻)をODAの円借款で提供する。明らかにこの援助は中国のSCSの活動を控えると言う目的である。

—日本の軍事力強化

さて日本の軍事関係政策の変更とともに日本の軍事力自身はどう変わるか。日本の2015年度防衛予算は1、5%増加で4兆9800億円になった。その中20機PC−3哨戒機の配備に3500億円、新しいAegis駆逐艦の建造に1680億円、6機F−35戦闘機に1030億円に確保されている。その航空機と艦船は全てECS/SCSに配備される。特に強化されているのは南西諸島の離島でISRと迎撃ミサイル能力だ。2016年の三月に与那国島で陸上自衛隊の駐屯地と沿岸監視隊を創設して、その部隊のレーダーでECS全体とSCSの北の方の中国の船舶や航空機の活動を監視できる。南西諸島の離島を奪還のため防衛省は日本の初めての水陸機動団水陸機動団を創設した。日本全域に弾道弾迎撃ミサイルの能力を強化して、THAAD(終末高高度防衛ミサイル)を米国から導入すれば効果的な3層BMDになる。第1層はTHAAD,第2は艦載搭載するミサイル(全てのAegis6隻にはRIM-161スタンダード・ミサイル3は搭載される見込み)、第3はPAC地対空誘導弾パトリオットミサイル。

 

中国が尖閣諸島の周辺にてエスカレートになっている活動に対して2016年の四月に海上保安庁は、巡視船12隻が尖閣諸島の専門任務になる。更に、2015年の五月のSCSにおける日比共同軍事訓練を継続し、両政府は最近の国際仲裁裁判所の判決が下したばかりでSCSで、共同訓練を行うことに合意した。言うまでもなく、そういう高まった巡回や共同軍事演習は、中国に圧力を加えるための

意図であるが、効果はどれほどなのか。

やはり一番プレッシャーをかけるのは、核兵器のようだ。中国人民解放軍は、日本の核兵器の開発をかなり神経質のようである。人民解放軍の将校を対象に「国防参考」に乗った2014年四月8日に日付の記事で、日本は必要な技術を持っているし核兵器製造の大量の原料を所有しているからいつでも核兵器を作れることを予測している。要するに物凄い圧力になるのは核兵器だ。日本では核兵器の開発について公の議論はゼロなのに、米紙のワシントン・ポストの記事によると、安倍首相はオバマ米国大統領の核先制不使用の宣言にとても反対しているし、安倍政権は核兵器の開発の基礎を築くということは否定できない。

  • 日米軍事協力

主要な中国に圧力をかける原点は、もちろん日本における米軍基地であるが、2020年までに米海軍の全ての艦船と飛行機の60%は、日本を含めて太平洋に配置されるという見込みだ。日本における主な米軍勢は以下の通り、

—海軍:横須賀に配置の第7艦隊(空母打撃群などを含め)、

—空軍:嘉手納や三沢飛行場に配備の130機の戦闘機、

—海兵隊:沖縄に配備の危機対応の第3海兵遠征軍など。

2015年に日米協力のための指針の改革は、非常に意義のある展開で、要はEDC/SCSを含めて世界のどこでも「切れ目のない日米共同の対応」ができるようになる。これを受けて2015年のAPEC首脳会議で安倍総理は、オバマ大統領に米国のSCSの航行の自由作戦を支えるために日本は艦船を派遣すると報道された。

  • 米国の軍事的な圧力

上記のSCSにおける今まで(2016年五月10日)三番目の米軍の航行の自由作戦(FONOP)は、一応一番直結な圧力の手段だ。それに加えて以下の施策を実施すると考えられる。

—フィリピンとベトナムへの軍事協力:2016年三月にアメリカが過去には米国の軍事存在を激しく抵抗したフィリピン政府と、米軍のフィリピン五ヶ所の軍事基地が、改めて永久的な存在と合意した。そのフィリピン基地から米軍隊が南沙諸島などに派遣できるようになるとともに、アメリカはその基地の能力を強化するために設備拡張・建設に支援する見込みだ。米国はかなり沿岸警備隊のカッター、軍装備品などをフィリピンに提供している。2016年三月から中国への警戒を強めているためにSCSにおける米比共同哨戒活動を始めた。米軍隊が展開されるAntonio Bautista Air Baseが位置しているパラワン島は南沙諸島のミスチーフ礁(美济礁)からただ217キ離れている為、米海兵隊は中国の九段線のすぐ側パラワン島に島上陸の訓練ができる。さらに有力のジョンマケイン米国上院議員らはスカボロ黄岩岛)が、米比相互防衛条約の対象範囲となると出張し、そうであれば尖閣諸島と同様に中国軍がスカボロ沖にフィリピンの海軍艦艇などを攻撃すればアメリカはフィリピンを守る義務になる。

前の敵は友になる歴史の皮肉の典型的な例で、アメリカは、この頃ベトナムと軍事協力を強化している。2016年五月にアメリカはベトナムに対する武器禁措置を全面的に解除して、最初にベトナムのISR能力を強化するためにISR用の装置を売却。さらに米海軍は重要な深層水のカムラン湾の港湾施設へのアクセスとなる見込みである。カムラン湾の戦略上の立地に鑑みて、これは国に圧力をかなり加えるはずである。

無論アメリカは上記の他に圧力作戦がある。例えば、米海軍は空母打撃群をSCSにおいて何ヶ月も配備できると共に、米空軍の爆撃機を人工島周辺へ飛行させられ、米海兵隊は遠征機動基地(EMB)をSCSに建設する選択機がある。「空は限界である。」

 

5.これから

 

さて中国は今後どういう風にそのアメリカと日本からのあらゆる外交的・政治的や軍事的な圧力を対応するか?上記に述べたとうり、この間の国際海洋法裁判所の判決への激しい反抗は、フィリピンの賄賂、日本のバイアスなどを中心にしたが、ただわめき散らすという感じであった。確かに、その判決を受け入れるべきだと出張している日本は竹島の問題について、国際司法裁判所で決めるべきだという日本の立場と同様に、尖閣諸島の問題についても領土問題があると認めず、国際司法裁判所に訴える理由はないという矛盾の立場に対して、中国が十分反論する余地がある。ECS/SCSにおける中国にプレッシャーをかけているアメリカに対して、昔自分は西半球に経済的軍事的な支配を広げたと出張したモンロー主義に断ったわけだから、どうして中国は自分の目の前の海にて同じようなことができないかという声ある。しかし、そういう議論はあまりにも19世紀の植民地主義的な考え方だしベトナムやフィリピンの国民の存在を無視する。地球温暖化問題で中国は「お前たち西洋国は経済発展のため工場から棄物を凄く出したから我々は同じ権利を持っている」と言えば同様なレベルである。他にもっと解決にげる反応にすればいいではないか。少しでも相手の領土権の主張を認めてECS/SCSの豊かな資源を共同開発する以外の方法はあるのだろうか。

 Photo: U.S. Pacific Fleet via flickr

 

Taiwan – 10/10 and All’s Well…Sort of

Taiwan’s 10/10 holiday commemorating the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 2011 is over, and all is quiet on the island. 

The hoopla of Tsai Ing-wen’s election and inauguration has passed. Dire warnings about secessionist talk have faded into silence. There have been no moves toward Taiwan independence, or even a whisper thereof. The ROC (Republic of China) has tried to join a couple of international organizations but has been rebuffed (many believe due to pressure from Beijing). Outside of that, President Tsi gave a rather bland interview with the Wall Street Journal that she could have sent in by email. So things seem stable, and there is business as usual as the KMT sits in opposition.

President Tsai laid out an ambitious plan for the reform of Taiwan society at her inauguration, and perhaps that is slowly moving forward–results take time, and results are not seen overnight after all. However, both Greek and Chinese philosophy tell us things are always in flux, and moving. And the clock is always ticking.

The question is: What about Beijing’s clock? Is there a time by which the Taiwan Question must be “solved”? So far, there is only the existence of the clock, but some day it will be time for resolution–one way or another. Without doubt.

When do you think that time might be, and what do you think will happen? Please log in and let us know.

Wall Street Journal Interview with Tsai Ing-wen

Photo:spawnbleed via flickr

October 1, 1949 – Mao Zedong Declares The Founding of the PRC

On October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong stood atop Tiananmen Gate and declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China. His speech was short, but the significance was major. After a century of humiliation and war and unimaginable tragedy the country was being unified and China would soon write its own destiny without outside influences. Much triumph and tragedy had preceded that day, and much would follow, but that day will be remembered as a turning point in the history of China.

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“The people throughout China have been plunged into bitter suffering and tribulations since the Chiang Kai-shek [Jiang Jieshi] Kuomintang [Guomindang] reactionary government betrayed the fatherland, colluded with imperialists, and lunched the counter-revolutionary war. Fortunately our People’s Liberation Army, backed by the whole nation, has been fighting heroically and selflessly to defend the territorial sovereignty of our homeland, to protect the people’s lives and property, to relieve the people of their sufferings, and to struggle for their rights, and it eventually wiped out the reactionary troops and overthrew the reactionary rule of the Nationalist government. Now, the People’s War of Liberation has been basically won, and the majority of the people in the country have been liberated. On this foundation, the first session of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, composed of delegates of all the democratic parties and people’s organization of China, the People’s Liberation Army, the various regions and nationalities of the country, and the overseas Chinese and other patriotic elements, has been convened. Representing the will of the whole nation, [this session of the conference] has enacted the organic law of the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China, elected Mao Zedong as chairman of the Central People’s Government; and Zhu De, Lui Shaoqi, Song Qingling, Li Jishen, Zhang
Lan, and Gao Gang as vice chairmen [of the Central People’s Government]; and Chen Yi, He Long, Li Lisan, Lin Boqu, Ye Jianying, He Xiangning, Lin Biao, Peng Dehuai, Liu Bocheng, Wu Yuzhang, Xu Xiangqian, Peng Zhen, Bo Yibo, Nie Rongzhen, Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Seypidin, Rao Shushi, Tan Kah-kee [Chen Jiageng], Luo Ronghuan, Deng Zihui, Ulanhu, Xu Deli, Cai Chang, Liu Geping, Ma Yinchu, Chen Yun, Kang Sheng, Lin Feng, Ma Xulun, Guo Moruo, Zhang Yunyi, Deng Xiaoping, Gao Chongmin, Shen Junru, Shen Yanbing, Chen Shutong, Szeto Mei-tong [Situ Meitang], Li Xijiu, Huang Yanpei, Cai Tingkai, Xi Zhongxun, Peng Zemin, Zhang Zhizhong, Fu Zuoyi, Li Zhuchen, Li Zhangda, Zhang Nanxian, Liu Yazi, Zhang Dongsun, and Long Yun as council members to form the Central People’s Government Council, proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic of China and decided on Beijing as the capital of the People’s Republic of China. The Central People’s Government Council of the People’s Republic of China took office today in the capital and unanimously made the following decisions: to proclaim the establishment of the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China; to adopt the Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference as the policy of the government; to elect Lin Boqu from among the council members as secretary general of the Central People’s Government Council; to appoint Zhou Enlai as premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People’s Government and concurrently minister of Foreign Affairs, Mao Zedong as chairman of the People’s Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People’s Government, Zhu De as commander-in-chief of the People’s Liberation Army, Shen Junru as president of the Supreme People’s Court of the Central People’s Government, and Luo Ronghuan as procurator general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the Central People’s Government, and to charge them with the task of the speedy formation of the various organs of the government to carry out the work of the government. At the same time, the Central People’s Government Council decided to declare to the governments of all other countries that this government is the sole legal government representing all the people of the People’s Republic of China. This government is willing to establish diplomatic relations with any foreign government that is willing to observe the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and mutual respect of territorial integrity and sovereignty.”

Mao Zedong Chairman The Central People’s Government

The People Republic of China

自介石民党反派政府背叛祖,勾帝主,反革命以,全人民于水深火的情之中。幸我人 民解放在全人民援助之下,保祖的土主,保人民的生命,解除人民的痛苦和取人民的利,不身, 英勇作,得以消反,推翻民政府的反治。在人民解放已取得基本的胜利,全大多人民已得解放。 在此基之上,由全各民主党派、各人民体、人民解放、各地、各民族、外及其他民主分子的代表所 成的中人民政治商第一全体已集,代表全人民的意志,制定了中人民共和中央人民政府法,了毛 中央人民政府主席,朱德、少奇、宋、李深、、高副主席,毅、龙、李立三、林伯渠、英、何香 凝、林彪、彭德怀、伯承、玉章、徐向前、彭真、薄一波、臻、周恩、董必武、福鼎、漱石、嘉庚、 桓、子恢、夫、徐特立、蔡、格平、寅初、云、康生、林、、郭沫若、云逸、小平、高崇民、沈 儒、沈雁冰、叔通、司徒美堂、李九、炎培、蔡廷、仲、彭民、治中、傅作、李、李章、章伯、程 、奚若、、平山、先、柳子、、龙云委,成中央人民政府委,宣告中人民共和的成立,并定 北京中人民共和的首都。中人民共和中央人民政府委于本日在首都就,一致:宣告中人民共和中央 人民政府的成立,接受中人民政治商共周本政府的施政方,互林伯渠中央人民政府委秘,任命周 恩中央人民政府政院理兼外交部部,毛中央人民政府人民革命事委主席,朱德人民解放司令,沈 儒中央人民政府最高人民法院院,桓中央人民政府最高人民察署察,并成他速成各政府机,推行 各政府工作。同:向各政府宣布,本政府代表中人民共和全人民的唯一合法政府。凡愿遵守平等、互 利及互相尊重土主等原的任何外政府,本政府均愿与之建立外交系。特此公告。

中人民共和中央人民政府主席 毛

Photo: Wikimedia public domain

Text: Wilson Center digital archive