U.S. Re-opens Havana Embassy

                        by David Parmer

The following are remarks made by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry on August 14, 2015 in Havana, Cuba on the occasion of the re-opening of the U.S. Embassy after 54 years. (Text: U.S. Dept. of State)

SECRETARY KERRY: Please be seated, everybody. Thank you very, very much. Muchas gracias. Buenos dias. I’m so sorry that we are a little bit late today, but what a beautiful ride in and how wonderful to be here. And I thank you for leaving my future transportation out here in back of me. I love it. (Laughter.)

Distinguished members of the Cuban delegation – Josefina, thank you for your leadership and for all your work of your delegation; excellencies from the diplomatic corps; my colleagues from Washington, past and present; Ambassador DeLaurentis and all of the embassy staff; and friends watching around the world, thank you for joining us at this truly historic moment as we prepare to raise the United States flag here at our embassy in Havana, symbolizing the re-establishment of diplomatic relations after 54 years. This is also the first time that a United States Secretary of State has been to Cuba since 1945. (Applause.)

This morning I feel very much at home here, and I’m grateful to those who have come to share in this ceremony who are standing around outside of our facilities, and I feel at home here because this is truly a memorable occasion – a day for pushing aside old barriers and exploring new possibilities.

And it is in that spirit that I say on behalf of my country, Los Estados Unidos acogen con beneplacito este nuevo comienzo de su relacion con el pueblo y el Gobierno de Cuba. Sabemos que el camino hacia unas relaciones plenamente normales es largo, pero es precisamente por ello que tenemos que empezar en este mismo instante. No hay nada que temer, ya que seran muchos los beneficios de los que gozaremos cuando permitamos a nuestros ciudadanos conocerse mejor, visitarse con mas frecuencia, realizar negocios de forma habitual, intercambiar ideas y aprender los unos de los otros.

My friends, we are gathered here today because our leaders – President Obama and President Castro – made a courageous decision to stop being the prisoners of history and to focus on the opportunities of today and tomorrow. This doesn’t mean that we should or will forget the past; how could we, after all? At least for my generation, the images are indelible.

In 1959, Fidel Castro came to the United States and was greeted by enthusiastic crowds. Returning the next year for the UN General Assembly, he was embraced by then-Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. In 1961, the Bay of Pigs tragedy unfolded with President Kennedy accepting responsibility. And in October 1962, the missile crisis arose – 13 days that pushed us to the very threshold of nuclear war. I was a student then, and I can still remember the taut faces of our leaders, the grim map showing the movement of opposing ships, the approaching deadline, and that peculiar word – quarantine. We were unsettled and uncertain about the future because we didn’t know when closing our eyes at night what we would find when we woke up.

In that frozen environment, diplomatic ties between Washington and this capital city were strained, then stretched thin, then severed. In late 1960, the U.S. ambassador left Havana. Early the following January, Cuba demanded a big cut in the size of our diplomatic mission, and President Eisenhower then decided he had no choice but to shut the embassy down.

Most of the U.S. staff departed quickly, but a few stayed behind to hand the keys over to our Swiss colleagues, who would serve diligently and honorably as our protecting power for more than 50 years. I just met with the Foreign Minister Didier Burkhalter, and we’re grateful to Switzerland always for their service and their help. (Applause.)

Among those remaining at the embassy were three Marine guards: Larry Morris, Mike East, and Jim Tracy. As they stepped outside, they were confronted by a large crowd standing between them and the flagpole. Tensions were high. No one felt safe. But the Marines had a mission to accomplish. And slowly, the crowd just parted in front of them as they made their way to the flagpole, lowered Old Glory, folded it, and returned to the building.

Larry, Mike, and Jim had done their jobs, but they also made a bold promise that one day they would return to Havana and raise the flag again. (Applause.)

At the time, no one could have imagined how distant that day would be.

For more than half a century, U.S.-Cuban relations have been suspended in the amber of Cold War politics. In the interim, a whole generation of Americans and Cubans have grown up and grown old. The United States has had ten new presidents. In a united Germany, the Berlin Wall is a fading memory. Freed from Soviet shackles, Central Europe is again home to thriving democracies.

And last week, I was in Hanoi to mark the 20th anniversary of normalization of relations between the United States and Vietnam. Think about that. A long and terrible war that inflicted indelible scars on body and mind, followed by two decades of mutual healing, followed by another two decades of diplomatic and commercial engagement. In this period, Vietnam evolved from a country torn apart by violence into a dynamic society with one of the world’s fastest growing economies. And all that time, through reconciliation, through normalization, Cuban-American relations remained locked in the past.

Meanwhile, new technologies enabled people everywhere to benefit from shared projects across vast stretches of ocean and land. My friends, it doesn’t take a GPS to realize that the road of mutual isolation and estrangement that the United States and Cuba were traveling was not the right one and that the time has come for us to move in a more promising direction.

In the United States, that means recognizing that U.S. policy is not the anvil on which Cuba’s future will be forged. Decades of good intentions aside, the policies of the past have not led to a democratic transition in Cuba. It would be equally unrealistic to expect normalizing relations to have, in a short term, a transformational impact. After all, Cuba’s future is for Cubans to shape. Responsibility for the nature and quality of governance and accountability rests, as it should, not with any outside entity; but solely within the citizens of this country.

But the leaders in Havana – and the Cuban people – should also know that the United States will always remain a champion of democratic principles and reforms. Like many other governments in and outside this hemisphere, we will continue to urge the Cuban Government to fulfill its obligations under the UN and inter-American human rights covenants – obligations shared by the United States and every other country in the Americas.

And indeed, we remain convinced the people of Cuba would be best served by genuine democracy, where people are free to choose their leaders, express their ideas, practice their faith; where the commitment to economic and social justice is realized more fully; where institutions are answerable to those they serve; and where civil society is independent and allowed to flourish.

Let me be clear: The establishment of normal diplomatic relations is not something that one government does as a favor to another; it is something that two countries do together when the citizens of both will benefit. And in this case, the reopening of our embassies is important on two levels: People-to-people and government-to-government.

First, we believe it’s helpful for the people of our nations to learn more about each other, to meet each other. That is why we are encouraged that travel from the United States to Cuba has already increased by 35 percent since January and is continuing to go up. We are encouraged that more and more U.S. companies are exploring commercial ventures here that would create opportunities for Cuba’s own rising number of entrepreneurs, and we are encouraged that U.S. firms are interested in helping Cuba expand its telecommunications and internet links, and that the government here recently pledged to create dozens of new and more affordable Wi-Fi hotspots.

We also want to acknowledge the special role that the Cuban American community is playing in establishing a new relationship between our countries. And in fact, we have with us this morning representatives from that community, some of whom were born here and others who were born in the United States. With their strong ties of culture and family, they can contribute much to the spirit of bilateral cooperation and progress that we are seeking to create, just as they have contributed much to their communities in their adopted land.

The restoration of diplomatic ties will also make it easier for our governments to engage. After all, we are neighbors, and neighbors will always have much to discuss in such areas as civil aviation, migration policy, disaster preparedness, protecting marine environment, global climate change, and other tougher and more complicated issues. Having normal relations makes it easier for us to talk, and talk can deepen understanding even when we know full well we will not see eye to eye on everything.

We are all aware that notwithstanding President Obama’s new policy, the overall U.S. embargo on trade with Cuba remains in place and can only be lifted by congressional action – a step that we strongly favor. For now – (applause). For now, the President has taken steps to ease restrictions on remittances, on exports and imports to help Cuban private entrepreneurs, on telecommunications, on family travel, but we want to go further. The goal of all of these changes is to help Cubans connect to the world and to improve their lives. And just as we are doing our part, we urge the Cuban Government to make it less difficult for their citizens to start businesses, to engage in trade, access information online. The embargo has always been something of a two-way street – both sides need to remove restrictions that have been holding Cubans back.

Before closing, I want to sincerely thank leaders throughout the Americas who have long urged the United States and Cuba to restore normal ties. I thank the Holy Father Pope Francis and the Vatican for supporting the start of a new chapter in relations between our countries. And I think it is not accidental that the Holy Father will come here and then to Washington, the United States at this moment. I applaud President Obama and President Castro both for having the courage to bring us together in the face of considerable opposition. I am grateful to Assistant Secretary of State Roberta Jacobson and her team, to our counterparts in the Cuban Foreign Ministry, to our chief of mission, Ambassador Jeff DeLaurentis and his extraordinary staff, for all of the hard work that has led up to this day. And I just say to our wonderful embassy staff, if you think you’ve been busy these past months, hold on to your seatbelts. (Laughter.)

But above all, above all, I want to pay tribute to the people of Cuba and to the Cuban American community in the United States. Jose Marti once said that “everything that divides men…is a sin against humanity.” Clearly, the events of the past – the harsh words, the provocative and retaliatory actions, the human tragedies – all have been a source of deep division that has diminished our common humanity. There have been too many days of sacrifice and sorrow; too many decades of suspicion and fear. That is why I am heartened by the many on both sides of the Straits who – whether because of family ties or a simple desire to replace anger with something more productive – have endorsed this search for a better path.

We have begun to move down that path without any illusions about how difficult it may be. But we are each confident in our intentions, confident in the contacts that we have made, and pleased with the friendships that we have begun to forge.

And we are certain that the time is now to reach out to one another, as two peoples who are no longer enemies or rivals, but neighbors – time to unfurl our flags, raise them up, and let the world know that we wish each other well.

Estamos seguros de que este es el momento de acercarnos: dos pueblos ya no enemigos ni rivales, sino vecinos. Es el momento de desplegar nuestras banderas, enarbolarlas y hacerle saber al resto del mundo que nos deseamos lo mejor los unos a los otros. 

It is with that healing mission in mind that I turn now to Larry Morris, Jim Tracy, and Mike East. Fifty-four years ago, you gentlemen promised to return to Havana and hoist the flag over the United States Embassy that you lowered on that January day long ago. Today, I invite you on behalf of President Obama and the American people to fulfill that pledge by presenting the Stars and Stripes to be raised by members of our current military detachment.

Larry, Jim, and Mike, this is your cue to deliver on words that would make any diplomat proud, just as they would any member of the United States Marine Corps: Promise made, promise kept. Thank you.

(Photo: U.S. Dept.of State via flickr)

(Posted:September 1, 2015)

U.S. General Sees Russia as Top Threat

Retiring General Ray Odierno, U.S. Army Chief of Staff, in an August 12, 2015 interview at the Pentagon noted that in a dynamic security environment, the US faced threats from Russia in Europe and China in the Pacific.

I believe this nation’s at an important inflection point, specifically regarding national security. Our security environment remains uncertain and dynamic, and we all know that based on what’s going on in Eastern Europe with Russian aggression, Chinese military, increased investment in their military, increased aggression by China in the Pacific.

While the majority of the questions during the Pentagon interview were about Iraq, ISIL and the Middle East, General Odierno was asked what he thought the top military to threat to the US is.

So, I would say that Russia has a — I believe Russia is the most dangerous because of a couple things. First, they are — they are more mature than some other of our potential adversaries, and I think they have some stated intents that concern me, in terms of how the Cold War ended. And so for me, I’m concerned.

And they have shown some significant capability in Ukraine to do operations that are fairly sophisticated. And so for me, I think we should pay a lot of attention to that.

On August 14, General Odierno retired from the U.S. Army after 39 years of active service.

http://www.defense.gov/News/News-Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/613683/department-of-defense-press-briefing-with-gen-odierno-on-the-state-of-the-army

Photo: U.S. Dept. of Defense via flickr

 

Asian Waters—Huang Ho, The River of Many Names

                                  by David Parmer

China’s Yellow River, the Huang Ho, is also known as The Mother River, and more-tellingly, China’s Sorrow. Massive and deadly flooding over the centuries has given it this last name. And it is called the Yellow River because of the color imparted by the Loess soil ( an estimated 1.6 billion tons annually) that it sweeps to the sea.

The Yellow River flows 5,465km from its start in the Bayan Har mountains in Qinghai Province to its terminus where it joins the busy Bohai sea below Beijing. Its route takes it from the Tibet Plateau through the Ordos Desert and the Ordos Loop to the North China plains and then to the sea.

  There are 20 dams along the course of the river, with 18 more planned by 2030. Apparently people have been damming the river since ancient times, often altering the course and causing some of the disastrous floods that history records. The yellow Loess soil is fertile, and supports the cultivation of much of China’s cotton and wheat. And historically, the Yellow river at its western end marks the start of the Silk Road, while the lower Yellow River valley is marked as the starting place for Chinese civilization.

Beautiful and powerful, China’s Mother River is not without her problems. Periodic flooding is caused by deforestation and the embankment of tributaries for irrigation. It has been estimated that 85% of the river’s water is unsafe for drinking. Other estimates say 1/3 of the river is un-useable dew to sewage, industrial chemicals and pesticides.

China Daily Yellow River

 Yellow River Dam Henan (China Daily)

In their paper, “Water Crisis in the Huang Ho (Yellow) River”, G. Fu and S. Chen state:

Industrialization, population growth, and other associated human activities along with global warming and the unique water characteristics and arid and semi-arid climate zone of the Yellow River basin have caused a dry up phenomena in the Yellow River basin during the last three decades.

The authors also write about possible countermeasures:

In order for changes to be made several countermeasures have been proposed. These include: water savings, water management, increased regulation, water transfer, and rational and practical groundwater use.

As we have seen in this series, Asian Waters, many of Asia’s water resources are at risk, and it is only by wise management and long-terms thinking that these resources like the great Yellow River will be preserved and continue to give their countless gifts to humankind on planet Earth.

Water Crisis in the Huang Ho http://archive.riversymposium.com/2004/index.php?element=Fu+Guobin

Main Photo: Global Water Partnership

 

Japan’s Neighbors React To PM Abe’s Speech

Japan’s neighbors reacted swiftly to PM Abe’s August 14th speech commemorating the 70th anniversary of WWII. While American reactions were mixed, Asian reactions were more uniform, all arriving at basically the same conclusion: that Abe did not get personal with his own feelings and that what he said did not go far enough in accepting responsibility for Japan’s actions during the war.

The DPRK’s (North Korea) foreign ministry was the most strident, calling Abe’s speech “not an honest admission and apology.” China’s People’s Daily wrote: “Up to this day, Japan has yet to manage a clear break-up with its disgraceful past.”And Park Geun-hye speaking at a ceremony to mark the 70th anniversary of the war said the speech and apology “left much to be desired.”

So, what do you think? We have published Abe’s speech in its entirety. Why not take a couple minutes to read it, then another few minutes to think about it, and then give us your honest opinion: What did you think of the speech? Did Abe go far enough in his apology? Has Japan finally said all that is needed to be said? Was Abe correct in saying that future generations no longer need to apologize? 

PM Abe Speech 14 August 2015 (Full Text J&E)

On the 70th anniversary of the end of the war, we must calmly reflect upon the road to war, the path we have taken since it ended, and the era of the 20th century. We must learn from the lessons of history the wisdom for our future.

More than one hundred years ago, vast colonies possessed mainly by the Western powers stretched out across the world. With their overwhelming supremacy in technology, waves of colonial rule surged toward Asia in the 19th century. There is no doubt that the resultant sense of crisis drove Japan forward to achieve modernization. Japan built a constitutional government earlier than any other nation in Asia. The country preserved its independence throughout. The Japan-Russia War gave encouragement to many people under colonial rule from Asia to Africa.

After World War I, which embroiled the world, the movement for self-determination gained momentum and put brakes on colonization that had been underway. It was a horrible war that claimed as many as ten million lives. With a strong desire for peace stirred in them, people founded the League of Nations and brought forth the General Treaty for Renunciation of War. There emerged in the international community a new tide of outlawing war itself.

At the beginning, Japan, too, kept steps with other nations. However, with the Great Depression setting in and the Western countries launching economic blocs by involving colonial economies, Japan’s economy suffered a major blow. In such circumstances, Japan’s sense of isolation deepened and it attempted to overcome its diplomatic and economic deadlock through the use of force. Its domestic political system could not serve as a brake to stop such attempts. In this way, Japan lost sight of the overall trends in the world.

With the Manchurian Incident, followed by the withdrawal from the League of Nations, Japan gradually transformed itself into a challenger to the new international order that the international community sought to establish after tremendous sacrifices. Japan took the wrong course and advanced along the road to war.

And, seventy years ago, Japan was defeated.

On the 70th anniversary of the end of the war, I bow my head deeply before the souls of all those who perished both at home and abroad. I express my feelings of profound grief and my eternal, sincere condolences.

More than three million of our compatriots lost their lives during the war: on the battlefields worrying about the future of their homeland and wishing for the happiness of their families; in remote foreign countries after the war, in extreme cold or heat, suffering from starvation and disease. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the air raids on Tokyo and other cities, and the ground battles in Okinawa, among others, took a heavy toll among ordinary citizens without mercy.

Also in countries that fought against Japan, countless lives were lost among young people with promising futures. In China, Southeast Asia, the Pacific islands and elsewhere that became the battlefields, numerous innocent citizens suffered and fell victim to battles as well as hardships such as severe deprivation of food. We must never forget that there were women behind the battlefields whose honour and dignity were severely injured.

Upon the innocent people did our country inflict immeasurable damage and suffering. History is harsh. What is done cannot be undone. Each and every one of them had his or her life, dream, and beloved family. When I squarely contemplate this obvious fact, even now, I find myself speechless and my heart is rent with the utmost grief.

The peace we enjoy today exists only upon such precious sacrifices. And therein lies the origin of postwar Japan. 

We must never again repeat the devastation of war.

Incident, aggression, war — we shall never again resort to any form of the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes. We shall abandon colonial rule forever and respect the right of self-determination of all peoples throughout the world.

With deep repentance for the war, Japan made that pledge. Upon it, we have created a free and democratic country, abided by the rule of law, and consistently upheld that pledge never to wage a war again. While taking silent pride in the path we have walked as a peace-loving nation for as long as seventy years, we remain determined never to deviate from this steadfast course.

Japan has repeatedly expressed the feelings of deep remorse and heartfelt apology for its actions during the war. In order to manifest such feelings through concrete actions, we have engraved in our hearts the histories of suffering of the people in Asia as our neighbours: those in Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines, and Taiwan, the Republic of Korea and China, among others; and we have consistently devoted ourselves to the peace and prosperity of the region since the end of the war.

Such position articulated by the previous cabinets will remain unshakable into the future.

However, no matter what kind of efforts we may make, the sorrows of those who lost their family members and the painful memories of those who underwent immense sufferings by the destruction of war will never be healed.

Thus, we must take to heart the following.

The fact that more than six million Japanese repatriates managed to come home safely after the war from various parts of the Asia-Pacific and became the driving force behind Japan’s postwar reconstruction; the fact that nearly three thousand Japanese children left behind in China were able to grow up there and set foot on the soil of their homeland again; and the fact that former POWs of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia and other nations have visited Japan for many years to continue praying for the souls of the war dead on both sides.

How much emotional struggle must have existed and what great efforts must have been necessary for the Chinese people who underwent all the sufferings of the war and for the former POWs who experienced unbearable sufferings caused by the Japanese military in order for them to be so tolerant nevertheless?

That is what we must turn our thoughts to reflect upon.

Thanks to such manifestation of tolerance, Japan was able to return to the international community in the postwar era. Taking this opportunity of the 70th anniversary of the end of the war, Japan would like to express its heartfelt gratitude to all the nations and all the people who made every effort for reconciliation.

In Japan, the postwar generations now exceed eighty per cent of its population. We must not let our children, grandchildren, and even further generations to come, who have nothing to do with that war, be predestined to apologize. Still, even so, we Japanese, across generations, must squarely face the history of the past. We have the responsibility to inherit the past, in all humbleness, and pass it on to the future.

Our parents’ and grandparents’ generations were able to survive in a devastated land in sheer poverty after the war. The future they brought about is the one our current generation inherited and the one we will hand down to the next generation. Together with the tireless efforts of our predecessors, this has only been possible through the goodwill and assistance extended to us that transcended hatred by a truly large number of countries, such as the United States, Australia, and European nations, which Japan had fiercely fought against as enemies.

We must pass this down from generation to generation into the future. We have the great responsibility to take the lessons of history deeply into our hearts, to carve out a better future, and to make all possible efforts for the peace and prosperity of Asia and the world.

We will engrave in our hearts the past, when Japan attempted to break its deadlock with force. Upon this reflection, Japan will continue to firmly uphold the principle that any disputes must be settled peacefully and diplomatically based on the respect for the rule of law and not through the use of force, and to reach out to other countries in the world to do the same. As the only country to have ever suffered the devastation of atomic bombings during war, Japan will fulfil its responsibility in the international community, aiming at the non-proliferation and ultimate abolition of nuclear weapons.

We will engrave in our hearts the past, when the dignity and honour of many women were severely injured during wars in the 20th century. Upon this reflection, Japan wishes to be a country always at the side of such women’s injured hearts. Japan will lead the world in making the 21st century an era in which women’s human rights are not infringed upon.

We will engrave in our hearts the past, when forming economic blocs made the seeds of conflict thrive. Upon this reflection, Japan will continue to develop a free, fair and open international economic system that will not be influenced by the arbitrary intentions of any nation. We will strengthen assistance for developing countries, and lead the world toward further prosperity. Prosperity is the very foundation for peace. Japan will make even greater efforts to fight against poverty, which also serves as a hotbed of violence, and to provide opportunities for medical services, education, and self-reliance to all the people in the world.

We will engrave in our hearts the past, when Japan ended up becoming a challenger to the international order. Upon this reflection, Japan will firmly uphold basic values such as freedom, democracy, and human rights as unyielding values and, by working hand in hand with countries that share such values, hoist the flag of “Proactive Contribution to Peace,” and contribute to the peace and prosperity of the world more than ever before.

Heading toward the 80th, the 90th and the centennial anniversary of the end of the war, we are determined to create such a Japan together with the Japanese people.

August 14, 2015
Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japa

 

 終戦七十年を迎えるにあたり、先の大戦への道のり、戦後の歩み、二十世紀という時代を、私たちは、心静かに振り返り、その歴史の教訓の中から、未来への知恵を学ばなければならないと考えます。

 百年以上前の世界には、西洋諸国を中心とした国々の広大な植民地が、広がっていました。圧倒的な技術優位を背景に、植民地支配の波は、十九世紀、アジアにも押し寄せました。その危機感が、日本にとって、近代化の原動力となったことは、間違いありません。アジアで最初に立憲政治を打ち立て、独立を守り抜きました。日露戦争は、植民地支配のもとにあった、多くのアジアやアフリカの人々を勇気づけました。

 世界を巻き込んだ第一次世界大戦を経て、民族自決の動きが広がり、それまでの植民地化にブレーキがかかりました。この戦争は、一千万人もの戦死者を出す、悲惨な戦争でありました。人々は「平和」を強く願い、国際連盟を創設し、不戦条約を生み出しました。戦争自体を違法化する、新たな国際社会の潮流が生まれました。

 当初は、日本も足並みを揃えました。しかし、世界恐慌が発生し、欧米諸国が、植民地経済を巻き込んだ、経済のブロック化を進めると、日本経済は大きな打撃を受けました。その中で日本は、孤立感を深め、外交的、経済的な行き詰まりを、力の行使によって解決しようと試みました。国内の政治システムは、その歯止めたりえなかった。こうして、日本は、世界の大勢を見失っていきました。

 満州事変、そして国際連盟からの脱退。日本は、次第に、国際社会が壮絶な犠牲の上に築こうとした「新しい国際秩序」への「挑戦者」となっていった。進むべき針路を誤り、戦争への道を進んで行きました。

 そして七十年前。日本は、敗戦しました。

 戦後七十年にあたり、国内外に斃れたすべての人々の命の前に、深く頭を垂れ、痛惜の念を表すとともに、永劫の、哀悼の誠を捧げます。

 先の大戦では、三百万余の同胞の命が失われました。祖国の行く末を案じ、家族の幸せを願いながら、戦陣に散った方々。終戦後、酷寒の、あるいは灼熱の、遠い異郷の地にあって、飢えや病に苦しみ、亡くなられた方々。広島や長崎での原爆投下、東京をはじめ各都市での爆撃、沖縄における地上戦などによって、たくさんの市井の人々が、無残にも犠牲となりました。

 戦火を交えた国々でも、将来ある若者たちの命が、数知れず失われました。中国、東南アジア、太平洋の島々など、戦場となった地域では、戦闘のみならず、食糧難などにより、多くの無辜の民が苦しみ、犠牲となりました。戦場の陰には、深く名誉と尊厳を傷つけられた女性たちがいたことも、忘れてはなりません。

 何の罪もない人々に、計り知れない損害と苦痛を、我が国が与えた事実。歴史とは実に取り返しのつかない、苛烈なものです。一人ひとりに、それぞれの人生があり、夢があり、愛する家族があった。この当然の事実をかみしめる時、今なお、言葉を失い、ただただ、断腸の念を禁じ得ません。

 これほどまでの尊い犠牲の上に、現在の平和がある。これが、戦後日本の原点であります。

 二度と戦争の惨禍を繰り返してはならない。

 事変、侵略、戦争。いかなる武力の威嚇や行使も、国際紛争を解決する手段としては、もう二度と用いてはならない。植民地支配から永遠に訣別し、すべての民族の自決の権利が尊重される世界にしなければならない。

 先の大戦への深い悔悟の念と共に、我が国は、そう誓いました。自由で民主的な国を創り上げ、法の支配を重んじ、ひたすら不戦の誓いを堅持してまいりました。七十年間に及ぶ平和国家としての歩みに、私たちは、静かな誇りを抱きながら、この不動の方針を、これからも貫いてまいります。

 我が国は、先の大戦における行いについて、繰り返し、痛切な反省と心からのお詫びの気持ちを表明してきました。その思いを実際の行動で示すため、インドネシア、フィリピンはじめ東南アジアの国々、台湾、韓国、中国など、隣人であるアジアの人々が歩んできた苦難の歴史を胸に刻み、戦後一貫して、その平和と繁栄のために力を尽くしてきました。

 こうした歴代内閣の立場は、今後も、揺るぎないものであります。

 ただ、私たちがいかなる努力を尽くそうとも、家族を失った方々の悲しみ、戦禍によって塗炭の苦しみを味わった人々の辛い記憶は、これからも、決して癒えることはないでしょう。

 ですから、私たちは、心に留めなければなりません。

 戦後、六百万人を超える引揚者が、アジア太平洋の各地から無事帰還でき、日本再建の原動力となった事実を。中国に置き去りにされた三千人近い日本人の子どもたちが、無事成長し、再び祖国の土を踏むことができた事実を。米国や英国、オランダ、豪州などの元捕虜の皆さんが、長年にわたり、日本を訪れ、互いの戦死者のために慰霊を続けてくれている事実を。

 戦争の苦痛を嘗め尽くした中国人の皆さんや、日本軍によって耐え難い苦痛を受けた元捕虜の皆さんが、それほど寛容であるためには、どれほどの心の葛藤があり、いかほどの努力が必要であったか。

 そのことに、私たちは、思いを致さなければなりません。

 寛容の心によって、日本は、戦後、国際社会に復帰することができました。戦後七十年のこの機にあたり、我が国は、和解のために力を尽くしてくださった、すべての国々、すべての方々に、心からの感謝の気持ちを表したいと思います。

 日本では、戦後生まれの世代が、今や、人口の八割を超えています。あの戦争には何ら関わりのない、私たちの子や孫、そしてその先の世代の子どもたちに、謝罪を続ける宿命を背負わせてはなりません。しかし、それでもなお、私たち日本人は、世代を超えて、過去の歴史に真正面から向き合わなければなりません。謙虚な気持ちで、過去を受け継ぎ、未来へと引き渡す責任があります。

 私たちの親、そのまた親の世代が、戦後の焼け野原、貧しさのどん底の中で、命をつなぐことができた。そして、現在の私たちの世代、さらに次の世代へと、未来をつないでいくことができる。それは、先人たちのたゆまぬ努力と共に、敵として熾烈に戦った、米国、豪州、欧州諸国をはじめ、本当にたくさんの国々から、恩讐を越えて、善意と支援の手が差しのべられたおかげであります。

 そのことを、私たちは、未来へと語り継いでいかなければならない。歴史の教訓を深く胸に刻み、より良い未来を切り拓いていく、アジア、そして世界の平和と繁栄に力を尽くす。その大きな責任があります。

 私たちは、自らの行き詰まりを力によって打開しようとした過去を、この胸に刻み続けます。だからこそ、我が国は、いかなる紛争も、法の支配を尊重し、力の行使ではなく、平和的・外交的に解決すべきである。この原則を、これからも堅く守り、世界の国々にも働きかけてまいります。唯一の戦争被爆国として、核兵器の不拡散と究極の廃絶を目指し、国際社会でその責任を果たしてまいります。

 私たちは、二十世紀において、戦時下、多くの女性たちの尊厳や名誉が深く傷つけられた過去を、この胸に刻み続けます。だからこそ、我が国は、そうした女性たちの心に、常に寄り添う国でありたい。二十一世紀こそ、女性の人権が傷つけられることのない世紀とするため、世界をリードしてまいります。

 私たちは、経済のブロック化が紛争の芽を育てた過去を、この胸に刻み続けます。だからこそ、我が国は、いかなる国の恣意にも左右されない、自由で、公正で、開かれた国際経済システムを発展させ、途上国支援を強化し、世界の更なる繁栄を牽引してまいります。繁栄こそ、平和の礎です。暴力の温床ともなる貧困に立ち向かい、世界のあらゆる人々に、医療と教育、自立の機会を提供するため、一層、力を尽くしてまいります。

 私たちは、国際秩序への挑戦者となってしまった過去を、この胸に刻み続けます。だからこそ、我が国は、自由、民主主義、人権といった基本的価値を揺るぎないものとして堅持し、その価値を共有する国々と手を携えて、「積極的平和主義」の旗を高く掲げ、世界の平和と繁栄にこれまで以上に貢献してまいります。

 終戦八十年、九十年、さらには百年に向けて、そのような日本を、国民の皆様と共に創り上げていく。その決意であります。

平成二十七年八月十四日
内閣総理大臣  安倍 晋三

(photo:seattledp)

「战后70周年纪念」 中日永无战事 一位日本研究学者的观点

作者:河崎深雪(Miyuki Kawasaki)
上海交通大学日本语学科 日语专家
文学博士

在一个梅雨停歇的下午里我坐在靠近张爱玲住过的公寓傍边的咖啡厅,透过玻璃窗看见外面,眼前掠过的是穿着凉鞋的女孩,拭汗的商客,和老奶奶推着童车新生儿的撒欢。当下上海物质生活足够丰富然,几乎所有的人享受着城市的美好生活,这般光景抚慰着我。因为我看到的不再是枪声逼迫人们逃难,爆弹横飞城市被毁的烟雾,和儿童流着血赤脚逃生场景,更不是阵阵恐惧的凄厉…。
我独独暗自拭泪。七十年前的上海人饱受战火惶恐,他们无法享受到当下的繁荣、幸福,像今天这样从容闲定地品味下午咖啡馆的时光。那时,人们的生命薄如片纸,更轻似空气中片片飘浮的羽毛。

在中国生活进入了第十一个年头,在这十年里,我遭遇到过一些人谩骂和教训我。原因我是日本人,也正因为自己是日本人,我背负着加害于人之后代难解的烦恼,这等苦衷可能是被受害人难于理解的另一种人生的悲哀和凄凉。

我出生于二战结束的十多年后,我降生人世时不曾携带着任何武器。在日本我们被称呼”没有经验过的孩子们”。
战后出生的日本人是否也应替代国家背负起这个沉重的十字架?

某日在上海的一家便利店,有位老板娘用上海问我:“侬有一块钱伐?”假如我不开口回应,老板娘不会知道我是日本人。一瞬之间我突然有这样的感悟,我和她的立场不同仅仅只是出于偶然。彼此或许可能出生在同一个国家,也或许老板娘会是在日本出生,更或许自己也有可能是在上海出生。
人不能选择父母也无法选择国家而诞生于世。

大约在100多年前,日本这个小岛国作出一个非常愚蠢的抉择,那就是与中国开战入侵中国。当时,日本国民的头脑被军国主义思想统治,相信军国就等于相信爱国。谁要是敢站出来反对,这人将遭到唾弃或被指责为日本的“非国民”。

当时的上海,有大量的日本人为寻找新天地、新梦想蜂拥而至。1870年时期在上海仅百余个日本人。1943年统计日本人上海在住人口突破十万。日本人对上海的街坊是情有独钟的,那时的四川北路上日本人经营的商店近200家,由长崎船运天天送货至三角菜场,新鲜的鱼、蔬菜、鲜花等等品种俱全。之后,又设办了10所日本国民小学,当然不乏日本银行,商社、纺织工厂开办,另外还拥有娱乐设施、医院、寺庙,甚至拥有日本人墓区。与其他列强一样,当时的日本企图赶走他国势力独自占领上海。

在日本我的少女时代,还可以听到旧流行歌曲里难舍迷恋上海这座国际大都市的情怀。如梦似幻的四马路,悠悠而粗旷的汽笛声, 婀娜多姿的旗袍女郎,尽在上海的夜雾里浮想联翩。

我作为一名语言的研究者,长居上海在大学教日文的同时,寻索上海战前的”语言接触”现象,亦可调侃说是“洋泾浜日语研究”。我想弄明白,那个年代里日本人和中国人用什么样的语言交流,何种方式交流?包括日语和上海话之间是如何相互影响的。有时候我在藏书楼幽暗的灯光下我查阅着资料力图有所发现。也有时候,我跑到虹口当时日本人居住过的地方,搜寻当时懂日语的老者。我想表达的是,我的行为属于社会语言学研究,也通过这些调查渐渐了解到当时日本人在这座城市的行动轨迹。

在塘沽路上,一个将被拆迁的建筑物的小角落,一般人所不知晓的是这里曾经为日本人专属的小小“红灯区”。眼下只剩片片瓦砾颓垣,当时的景色已荡然无存。一位热心的阿姨悄悄凑近我“往那边进去,进去看看吧!”,当我来到里边被映入眼帘的景象震撼,这里是当时的“窑子”,房间都被隔成一间间小屋。不难想象,酱红色扶手旁卖春妇向日本客人频频招手,妖艳声笑。那些稍有点小钱的日本人男人酒味浓浓,欣然上楼。我仿佛身临其境听见了当时的淫笑声,这也是过去日本人愚蠢行为的又一个见证。

眼下这片小角落里均住着外来打工者,晒满的衣服有如联合国的万国旗。唯抬头一望天空,透过天井的空间尚有蓝天呈现,白云掠过。
那是去年九月底时的情景。一朵黄色的南瓜花从砖石缝里挺身而出……油然我联想到的是江户时代松尾芭蕉描述古战场的俳句诗。
真如:

“夏草青茂,武功前尘犹如梦”

去年十一月底,我带领日本国立大阪大学的一位教授重游了此地。那位教授似乎也被此时此景有所震撼,而就地伫立久久难去。我们彼此意会和感受到“往日之悲痛,当下何再生”。虽然我们在搜寻当时语言现象,但通过调查我们了解到的是,战争时下的言语交流语境应该彻底埋葬于历史而不再重现。

南京究竟有多少人被屠杀,这是史学家颇具争议的话题。但对大多数日本民众而言,20万无辜百姓被屠杀,够多了。若是2万人被屠杀亦已够多。即使是2000人200人被屠杀,或是20人2个人被屠杀亦是不可饶恕之罪,罪莫大焉。这是我等居多的日本民众的真实想法。如此的事情不能再次发生。
这70年间我等日本人牢记和平宪法的宗旨,没有开始任何战争。这也是不争的事实。日本宪法第九条规定:永远放弃战争。这也是我们勿论当下和将来持续遵守的信实。人类的生存的平等环境莫过于任何事情。世界上任何人都有活存自己的生命的权利。

在此必须指出的是,日本人毫无疑问是战争的加害者,但同样也是战争受害者。日本广岛、长崎被原子弹烧尽,40余万生灵涂炭。更多的生灵丧失在东北满蒙的土地上,饥饿病患者孤魂南洋再也无法归返故里。无数在战场上牺牲的年轻士兵,他们本该是前途无量的青年学子。

这里,我要介绍日本战争时期住在上海的一位日本小学生的作文。这个小学生的家在旧租界,常常跟邻居的中国小朋友玩。时间长了,他们互相了解了对方的语言,他懂中文,中国小朋友也懂日文。(这就是语言接触的一个例子)他们过春节时也一起放鞭炮。中国小朋友家常来位年轻叔叔,他是飞行将校,喜欢这两个小朋友。有一天这位叔叔带着两个小朋友去虹桥飞机场给他们看飞机。叔叔对日本小朋友说,”你不可以开口说话,一开口因为你的口音,人们就知道你是日本人。”于是他一个人等待在车子里面。后来上海形势紧张,他妈妈带他回日本。日本小朋友因为想念中国邻居和那位温和亲切的叔叔而写下了这篇作文。他在文章结尾写着,”开战了,那位叔叔是不是要跟日本打仗?我很担心叔叔,小弟弟现在怎么样,要是战争结束,我很想再跟他一起玩。”

当我在藏书楼里读到这样一篇作文,昏暗的灯光下难掩我扑哧落下的热泪。在无情的战争年代里,敌对国的两个小朋友之间产生了纯洁的友情,也产生了对誓为永远之友的关怀之心。

战争年代过去了。
国与国,民族与民族之间,难道真不能互相体念,互相尊重,互相携手相助吗?

在反法西斯胜利七十周年纪念的今年,我人在上海。

此刻我坐在一个咖啡厅的角落倚靠着窗户,忆想着雨后的梧桐林荫道……

这是一条人人应该走上一回,而又不可忘却的道路啊!

August 15, 1944: The War is Over.

 

    Photo: (wikimedia/Imp.war museum)

The photo shows people in London on August 15, 1945 celebrating the end of the war. How happy they look, for they have survived. But millions didn’t. It is estimated that 50-80 million people lost their lives from 1939-1945. We can ask who is to blame for the senseless slaughter of men, women and children, sometimes in the most horrific ways. Who is responsible, the politicians, the diplomats, the businessmen, the military? Who is responsible? Maybe it is more the average man and woman, you and me who is responsible. Responsible not for starting the war, but for not telling our politicians and government that we don’t need another war. When the bands begin to play and passions are high, that is the time that we should turn to the veterans and survivors and ask them about war. Is an imaginary border worth dying for? Are a pile of rocks, worthless rocks, in the middle of the ocean worth the life of sailors and soldiers and airmen and civilians? What do you think? Please log in and give us your opinion.

Jack Ma and Alibaba Take A Big Hit

Internet giant Alibaba has taken a substantial hit this week when its stock price dropped by 5%. The stock closed at $73.38, the lowest since the 2014 NYSE IPO. The company reported a 28% increase in earnings, but this was below market expectations. Analysts say Alibaba is faced with the slowing of the Chinese economy and stiff competition from rival Internet companies Baidu and Tencent.

Alibaba founder Jack Ma’s personal fortune is said to have declined $752 million with the fall of the stock price. To reassure investors, the company has agreed to a $4 billion buyback and the founder and current executive vice chairman say they will not sell their Alibaba shares.

On a positive note, the company seems to still have an appetite for expansion. They will invest $4.6 billion in Chinese electronics retailer Suning. This will give Alibaba access to a ready-made distribution network to increase speed of delivery in the Chinese market. Ma says that he takes the long view on this situation.

(Report compiled from Web sources)

Laos Mobile Catches Up

                           by David Parmer

Laos is joining the 21st century-fast, but it has a long way to go to catch up to some of its Southeast Asian neighbors.

In this country of just over 6.0 million people, most of the inhabitants are found in rural areas, something like 73% of its people live on the land. Efforts are being made to connect people, but Internet use is the lowest in the region at around 8-10%; the only other countries with LESS connectivity are Myanmar at 1% and East Timor at 0.2%.

And Laos, like its neighbors in Vietnam and Cambodia looks to be skipping the PC and going to tablet and mobile, mostly mobile. The country has 3.8 million mobile users, which makes mobile penetration at around 60%. And it is expected that by the end of 2015 there will be 5.4 million mobile users.

There are four mobile providers in Laos:

  • Lao Telecom
  • ETL
  • Beeline
  • Unitel

Best-Mobile-Phone-Operator-in-Laos

Recent government regulations have created a level playing field where prices are about the same regardless of provider.

Uses choose their provider based on location and service.

The government says it has no plans to crack down on social media as it is necessary for development, but on the other hand keeps a tight control on content, particularly any criticism of the government or any anti-social content. Vietnam and Thailand have similar controls in place regarding internet content.

It will be interesting to watch how this country, like some of its neighbors will be changed forever with the advancement of hi-tech communications. Now Myanmar and East Timor have to catch up.

Photo: Talk Vietnam

 

 

70 Years Ago – Shanghai’s Refuge For European Jews

 Shanghai Former Jewish Ghetto (Photo: JN)

In September 1945 Shanghai was liberated and the nightmare of WWII ended for some 20,000 European Jews in the Shanghai Ghetto.

From 1938 onward Shanghai had been a haven for Jews escaping Nazi persecution and certain death in Europe. In 1938 the Nazis annexed Austria, and this started the flood of Jews out of Europe. Some were lucky to get to America or other democratic countries, but many had only one hope: to get to Shanghai. Diplomats like Japan’s Chiune Sugihara and China’s Ho Feng Shan issued transit visas to the Jews against the orders of their superiors.

 Once in Shanghai, the Jews had the support of the existing Jewish community, made of an earlier generation of Baghdadi Jews who had come to Shanghai decades before and done well in commerce. These included the Sassoon’s, Hardoons and Kadoories. Help for the refugees was also given by American Jewish organizations, although such aid was cut off after Pearl Harbor.

Jews who had a profession did the best in their new circumstances, and Shanghai was fortunate to get more than 100 European doctors. Others formed businesses and practiced what skills they had. Shanghai Jews also had a rich cultural life despite a lack of resources.

In 1943 the Jews were ordered to move to the “Restricted Sector for Stateless Refugees” or what came to be known as the Shanghai Ghetto. From February 18, 1943 until September 3, 1945 Jews were required to live in a one square mile area of Hongkou. There they endured hunger, overcrowding and cold, but they survived. Reports state that the Jews got along well with their Chinese neighbors, and many wrote and spoke of the kindness of the Chinese.

 After 1945 the Jews dispersed, some to Europe, some to America, and some to Palestine. Some might say the fact that Shanghai was refuge to 20,000 people was indeed a lucky “accident” of history, while others might see it as evidence of the work of providence or a higher power. Whichever you choose to believe, it was indeed a welcome refuge from the storm that swept the world during World War II.

Ho Feng Shan: Chinese Official Who Saved Jews

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Feng-Shan

Chiune Sugihara: Japanese Official Who Saved Jews

http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/07/11/national/history/chiune-sugihara-man-conscience/#.VbXZmGAdL8t